Habituation to Feedback Delay Restores Degraded Visuomotor Adaptation by Altering Both Sensory Prediction Error and the Sensitivity of Adaptation to the Error

Sensory prediction error, which is the difference between actual and predicted sensory consequences, is a driving force of motor learning. Thus, appropriate temporal associations between the actual sensory feedback signals and motor commands for predicting sensory consequences are crucial for the brain to calculate the sensory prediction error accurately. Indeed, it has been shown that artificially introduced delays in visual feedback degrade motor learning. However, our previous study has showed that degraded adaptation is alleviated by prior habituation to the delay. Here, we investigate how the motor learning system accomplishes this alleviation. After the subjects habituated reaching movements in either 0- or 200-ms delayed cursor, visual rotation of 10° was imposed to the cursor with varying delay (0, 100, 200, or 300 ms) with each delay imposed in at least 1 out of 5-6 trials. Then, the aftereffect in the next trial was quantified to evaluate the adaptation response. After habituation to the 0-ms delayed cursor, the adaptation response was maximal when the visual feedback of the perturbation was provided with 0-ms delay and gradually decreased as the delay increased. On the other hand, habituation to the 200-ms delayed cursor alleviated the degraded adaptation response to the visual perturbation imposed during the 200-ms and longer delay (300 ms). However, habituation did not affect the adaptation response to the visual perturbation imposed during delays (0- and 100-ms delay) shorter than the habituated delay (200 ms). These results may be explained by assuming that habituation to the delayed feedback not only shifts the position of the hand predicted by motor command toward the delayed cursor positions, but also increases the degree to which the brain uses a certain amount of sensory prediction error to correct a motor command.